Massachusetts
Tries to Rein in Its Health Cost
Published: October 17, 2011 - New York Times
BOSTON — On the Republican campaign trail, the health care debate has focused
on the mandatory coverage that Mitt
Romney signed into law as governor in 2006. But back in Massachusetts the
conversation has moved on, and lawmakers are now confronting the problem that
Mr. Romney left unaddressed: the state’s spiraling health care costs.
After three years of study, the state’s legislative leaders appear close to
producing bills that would make Massachusetts the first state — again — to
radically revamp the way doctors, hospitals and other health providers are paid.
Although important details remain to be negotiated, the legislative leaders
and Gov. Deval
Patrick, all Democrats, are working toward a plan that would encourage flat
“global payments” to networks of providers for keeping patients well, replacing
the fee-for-service system that creates incentives for excessive care by paying
for each visit and procedure.
“We have shown the nation how to extend care to everybody,” Mr. Patrick said
in an interview, “and we’ll be the place to crack the code on costs.”
Those who led the 2006 effort to expand coverage readily acknowledge that
they deferred the more daunting task of cost control for another day. It was
assumed then that the politics would pit doctors, hospitals, insurers, employers
and consumers against one another, and obliterate the fragile coalition behind
the groundbreaking coverage law.
Predictably, the plan did little to slow the growth of health costs that
already were among the highest in the nation. A state report
last year found that per capita health spending in Massachusetts was 15 percent
above the national average. And from 2007 to 2009, private health insurance
premiums rose between 5 and 10 percent annually, according to another
state study.
Yet the plan, which generated fresh attacks on Mr. Romney in a recent New
Hampshire debate and a blistering Internet ad by Gov. Rick Perry of Texas, has
largely succeeded in providing nearly universal coverage. Only 2 percent of
residents and a fraction of 1 percent of children in Massachusetts are
uninsured. The law’s popularity has given state leaders added incentive to make
it financially sustainable.
But the process has been painstakingly slow. It started in 2008, when the
Legislature appointed a commission to study changes in the medical payment
system. A year later, the commission recommended the broad outlines of a global
payment plan that essentially calls for teams of providers to be put on a budget
for each patient’s care.
The networks would receive an annual fee for the care of each patient, with
higher payments for patients deemed to be greater health risks and with bonuses
for high-quality care. In theory, the healthier these so-called accountable care
organizations can keep their patients, the more reimbursement they can pocket as
profit. Insurers are already required to accept all applicants in Massachusetts,
as will be the case nationally, in 2014, if the new federal
health care law survives its legal and political challenges.
In February, three months after Mr. Patrick’s re-election, he submitted a
bill that would impose a global payment system for most state employees, Medicaid
recipients and others with state-subsidized health insurance — roughly one in
four residents.
His plan would set parameters to help private insurers and providers follow
suit, in the hope that they would gradually gravitate to global payments,
without coercive legislation. And it would give the state’s insurance
commissioner broader authority to reject premium increases deemed excessive,
with an added goal of holding down hospital costs.
Lawmakers in each chamber have struggled to draft their own proposals, which
they hope to bring to a vote by early next year. In the House, one idea is to
move health care providers to a global payment system within three years, with a
goal of keeping health care spending increases to about 3.9 percent a year after
that — roughly the typical growth in the state’s gross domestic product.
But State Representative Steven Walsh, House chairman of the Joint Committee
on Health Care Financing, said it would be crucial to move slowly, adding that
it could take 15 years “to squeeze all the inequities out of the system.”
Because medical spending is driven not just by volume but also by pricing, a
major question has been whether global payments alone will have much effect. It
may be equally important, Mr. Patrick and others argue, to rein in the ability
of the state’s most prestigious teaching hospitals and physicians’ groups to
negotiate high rates of reimbursement.
A series of news media and government investigations have revealed that
large, high-status providers, like Partners HealthCare System, which owns the
Harvard-affiliated Massachusetts General and Brigham & Women’s hospitals,
command substantially higher reimbursement from insurers than other entities.
In reports the
last two years, Attorney General Martha Coakley, a Democrat, has concluded that
differences in payments to hospitals cannot be explained by variations in their
quality, the mix of their patients or the costs of academic medicine. Last
month, the House majority leader, Representative Ronald Mariano, introduced a
bill that would force insurers to narrow the inequities in payments.
Mr. Patrick said the state needed to help struggling hospitals by raising
Medicaid reimbursement rates. But he also cited his insurance commissioner’s
recent denials of premium increases as the kind of pressure needed to keep
prices down. “I think having the authority that we have in respect to the
insurers has been a very, very important tool,” Mr. Patrick said, “and we need
similar authority with the hospitals.”
Massachusetts has had a model for global payments since 2009, when Blue Cross
Blue Shield of Massachusetts, the state’s biggest health insurer, began
experimenting with an “alternative quality contract” that pays groups of doctors
and hospitals a set fee to work as a team in caring for patients. The plans
cover about 613,000 people, or roughly two-thirds of Blue Cross members in
health maintenance organizations, but none of those in preferred provider
organizations.
This month, in an important advance, Partners HealthCare joined the program,
with incentives to keep cost growth below the Blue Cross average.
“It’s a big deal,” said Stuart Altman, a health economist at Brandeis,
“because they’re the biggest player in town and it sort of solidifies that this
will be one of the major changes in the system and that it’s likely to be around
for a while.”
Under market and political pressure, Partners also agreed to renegotiate its
contract with Blue Cross Blue Shield and accept lower reimbursements, which is
expected to save $240 million over three years. Andrew Dreyfus, president of
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts, said payments to Partners would
increase at about 2 percent a year rather than the previously anticipated 5
percent to 6 percent.
The politically powerful hospitals clearly hope to persuade lawmakers that
price controls are not needed. “This contract is evidence that at Partners, we
think the market is working to address affordability,” said a company spokesman,
Rich Copp.
Mr. Patrick said such experiments were important, but did not go far enough.
“We still need a bill because we’ve got to have scale,” he said. “It can’t be
one-offs.”
Initial resistance is also expected from doctors. The most recent annual work
force study by the Massachusetts Medical Society found that nearly 60
percent of physicians — and higher rates of specialists — said they were not
likely to join a voluntary global payment system.
But Mr. Walsh said that doctors and other stakeholders were becoming more
comfortable with the idea. “It’s not seen as a foreign approach anymore,” he
said.
Abby Goodnough reported from Boston, and Kevin Sack from Atlanta.